Explore a practical HR digital transformation roadmap for mid-market companies. Learn how to modernize HR processes, automate workflows, and improve employee support.

As mid-market companies grow, HR teams often find themselves managing more employee requests, onboarding activities, approvals, and administrative tasks across disconnected systems. For organizations with 500–2,000 employees, these manual processes can slow down HR operations, increase workloads, and create inconsistent employee experiences.
A well-planned HR digital transformation roadmap helps companies overcome these challenges without replacing their entire HR technology stack. By connecting existing systems, prioritizing high-impact processes, and introducing HR workflow automation, HR teams can modernize operations gradually while making better use of their available resources.
This guide outlines a practical, five-step HR digital transformation roadmap for mid-market companies in 2026, covering technology assessment, automation priorities, system integration, employee adoption, and performance measurement. It also explores how AI agents for employee self-service can simplify employee support and automate everyday HR requests.
Whether you're starting with repetitive employee queries or planning to automate processes such as employee leave management, the goal is to build a scalable HR operation that delivers measurable improvements without disrupting existing systems.
HR digital transformation helps mid-market companies modernize employee support, connect existing HR systems, and automate repetitive processes without costly technology replacements. For organizations with 500–2,000 employees, a phased approach makes transformation more manageable and easier to measure.
A practical HR digital transformation roadmap follows five stages:
Assess existing HR processes: Identify disconnected systems, manual tasks, and employee support challenges to establish clear improvement priorities.
Prioritize high-impact workflows: Focus on repetitive processes such as HR inquiries, onboarding, and leave management that offer measurable opportunities for automation.
Integrate systems and automate: Connect HRIS, payroll, knowledge, and communication platforms to streamline HR workflow automation.
Implement and drive adoption: Launch automation with a focused employee group, provide training, and make HR services accessible through familiar channels like Microsoft Teams and Slack.
Measure and optimize: Track resolution times, automation rates, employee adoption, and workflow completion to improve performance and expand transformation.
Where to start: For many mid-market companies, AI-powered employee self-service is a practical first step. It helps HR teams resolve repetitive requests, reduce manual coordination, and build momentum for broader HR digital transformation.
HR digital transformation is the strategic use of technology, automation, and connected systems to improve how HR teams operate, deliver employee services, and manage the employee lifecycle. It goes beyond digitizing paperwork or automating individual tasks. The goal is to build more efficient, accessible, and scalable HR operations.
For mid-market companies, HR digital transformation means making better use of existing HR technology while reducing manual work and improving the employee experience. It typically involves three levels of change:
Approach | What it means | HR example |
|---|---|---|
HR digitization | Converting paper-based information and processes into digital formats. | Replacing paper employee forms with electronic documents and records. |
HR automation | Using technology to complete repetitive tasks with less manual intervention. | Automatically sending onboarding reminders or routing leave approvals. |
HR digital transformation | Connecting systems, workflows, and employee experiences to improve HR operations end to end. | Coordinating onboarding across HRIS, IT, payroll, and communication platforms. |
For example, digitizing an onboarding checklist eliminates paperwork. Automating it sends reminders and assigns tasks. Transforming the process connects HR, IT, and employee systems so onboarding activities are coordinated, tracked, and completed with fewer manual handoffs.
This is why modern employee onboarding automation plays an important role in HR transformation. When supported by connected systems and AI agents, HR teams can move beyond individual task automation toward more coordinated employee lifecycle processes.
For growing organizations, the objective is not to introduce more software. It is to build an HR operating model that can support increasing employee needs without adding the same level of administrative complexity.
As companies grow from a few hundred to thousands of employees, HR operations become more complex. Employee requests increase, onboarding involves multiple departments, and HR teams often rely on disconnected systems to manage everyday activities.
For mid-market organizations with 500–2,000 employees, the challenge is balancing operational efficiency, employee experience, and technology investments without the resources of a large enterprise.
A structured HR digital transformation strategy helps HR leaders identify operational bottlenecks, prioritize improvements, and introduce technology where it delivers measurable business value.
HR teams spend considerable time answering policy questions, coordinating onboarding tasks, managing employee records, and following up on requests. As employee headcount increases, these repetitive activities can consume capacity that could otherwise support employee development and strategic HR initiatives.
Business impact: Automating repeatable HR activities can reduce manual coordination, shorten request resolution times, and help HR teams support a growing workforce more efficiently.
Many organizations use separate platforms for HRIS, payroll, benefits, IT support, and employee communication. When these systems are not connected, employees must navigate multiple applications while HR teams manually transfer information and coordinate activities.
Business impact: Better system integration can reduce duplicate work, improve information consistency, and make employee services easier to access without requiring a complete HR technology replacement.
Unlike large enterprises, mid-market companies may have smaller HR technology budgets, limited IT availability, and fewer resources dedicated to transformation initiatives. Attempting to modernize every HR function simultaneously can increase implementation costs and operational risks.
Business impact: A phased roadmap allows organizations to begin with high-value processes, validate results, and expand automation based on available resources and demonstrated improvements.
HR leaders evaluating investment requirements can also review the factors that influence HR chatbot pricing and automation ROI, including integration complexity, deployment costs, and ongoing usage.
Introducing new HR technology does not automatically improve employee experience. If employees find digital tools difficult to use or cannot complete their requests, they may continue relying on emails, phone calls, and manual HR support.
Business impact: Introducing employee-friendly digital services, providing training, and measuring adoption can help organizations achieve greater value from their technology investments.
HR transformation also involves sensitive employee information, access permissions, and compliance requirements. Poorly designed integrations or automated workflows can introduce risks when approvals, validations, and human oversight are missing.
Business impact: Clear ownership, role-based access, audit trails, and appropriate human approvals help organizations automate HR processes while maintaining operational control.
For a deeper look at implementation risks, explore the common HR automation mistakes and how to avoid them.
The value of HR digital transformation comes from addressing these challenges in a planned sequence rather than introducing disconnected technologies.
For mid-market HR teams, this means starting with operational assessments, selecting workflows with measurable impact, integrating existing applications, and expanding automation only after validating results.
The following five-step roadmap provides a practical framework for moving from fragmented HR operations to more connected, efficient, and scalable employee services.
An effective HR digital transformation roadmap helps growing organizations modernize operations without disrupting existing processes or investing in unnecessary technology replacements.
For mid-market companies, the best approach is to identify where HR teams are spending the most time, introduce automation where it creates immediate value, and gradually connect more complex workflows.
Here are five practical steps to guide the transformation.
Before introducing new technology, understand where your current HR operations are slowing down.
Employees may be contacting HR repeatedly for policy information, managers may be waiting for manual approvals, or onboarding tasks may be spread across multiple systems. These everyday inefficiencies are often the best places to begin.
Start by reviewing your HRIS, payroll software, knowledge repositories, and employee communication channels. Look for processes that involve repetitive questions, manual data entry, or frequent coordination between teams.
For example, if employees regularly contact HR because they cannot find updated policies, the problem may not require another HR portal. Understanding how to make HR policies accessible to employees could be a more practical first step.
By the end of this assessment, HR leaders should have a clear picture of which processes create the most friction and where technology can make a meaningful difference.
Once you've identified operational gaps, resist the temptation to automate everything at once.
Instead, focus on HR processes that consume significant administrative time, affect many employees, and can be automated without introducing unnecessary complexity.
Common starting points include:
Answering frequently asked questions about benefits, payroll, and HR policies.
Helping employees check leave balances and submit requests.
Coordinating onboarding activities across HR and IT.
Routing employee requests and approvals to the right teams.
For instance, a company handling hundreds of repetitive HR questions each month may see more immediate value from automating employee support than from redesigning its entire performance management process.
To identify suitable starting points, review the top employee HR queries that AI agents can automate.
A useful way to prioritize is to consider three factors: how often the process occurs, how much manual effort it requires, and how easily it can be automated.
Start with one or two workflows where improvements can be measured. Once these are working reliably, expand into more complex employee lifecycle processes.
Most mid-market companies already have the essential HR technologies in place. The challenge is that these systems often operate independently.
An employee might request leave through Microsoft Teams, while the HRIS stores their balance and the manager approves the request through email. HR then spends time coordinating activities between these systems.
Connecting these applications allows the process to move forward with fewer manual handoffs.
Modern HR automation platforms can coordinate activities across HRIS, communication, identity management, and service management systems while retaining human approvals where required.
For example, an employee can submit a leave request through a conversational AI agent. The agent checks their available balance, initiates the request, routes it for approval, and updates the HRIS once the request is approved.
The objective is not to replace existing HR tools but to make them work together more effectively.
Even well-designed automation can struggle if employees are unfamiliar with the new experience.
Rather than launching multiple HR services across the organization simultaneously, begin with a small employee group or a frequently used HR process.
Explain how the new service works, make it available through familiar communication channels, and collect feedback from employees and HR teams.
For example, NMDC Group's employee support transformation demonstrates how HR and IT services can be made accessible through Microsoft Teams while connecting to enterprise systems.
Monitor whether employees can complete requests successfully and where additional guidance or human support is needed.
Once employees become comfortable with the new experience and the process is performing reliably, expand the rollout to other departments or workflows.
HR digital transformation should deliver improvements that employees and HR teams can experience and measure.
After launching your initial workflows, compare operational performance against your starting baseline. Look at whether employees receive faster responses, how many requests are completed automatically, and whether HR teams spend less time coordinating routine activities.
Useful measurements include:
Employee request resolution time.
Percentage of eligible requests resolved automatically.
Hours saved on repetitive administrative tasks.
Employee adoption and satisfaction.
Successful workflow completion and escalation rates.
For example, GoTo's employee support automation experience provides an example of how AI-powered support can help organizations manage employee requests at scale.
Use these insights to improve existing automation before expanding into additional processes such as offboarding, benefits administration, and employee lifecycle management.
The most effective HR digital transformation roadmap is one that evolves with the organization, using measurable improvements to guide each new investment.
HR digital transformation becomes more valuable when technology solves everyday operational challenges rather than simply digitizing existing processes. For mid-market companies, this often means connecting HR systems, automating routine requests, and making employee services easier to access.
Here are four practical HR digital transformation examples that show how growing organizations can move from manual coordination to more connected and efficient HR operations.
Employees frequently contact HR with questions about benefits, payroll schedules, company policies, and workplace procedures. When answers are scattered across documents and portals, HR teams spend valuable time responding to the same requests.
An AI-powered HR support agent can retrieve information from approved company knowledge sources and answer employee questions through familiar channels such as Microsoft Teams, Slack, or a web interface.
For example, an employee asking about parental leave eligibility can receive an answer based on the applicable HR policy, along with relevant conditions and next steps. Questions requiring personal interpretation or HR judgment can be escalated to the appropriate team.
This shifts HR support from repetitive information retrieval toward faster, more consistent employee assistance.
For additional applications, explore these AI agent use cases for HR teams.
Employee onboarding often involves several departments and applications. HR collects information, IT provisions accounts, managers coordinate equipment and access, and new hires complete mandatory documents.
When these activities rely on manual emails and follow-ups, important steps can be delayed or overlooked.
With employee onboarding automation, creating a new employee record in the HRIS can initiate a connected workflow. Based on the employee's role and location, automation can coordinate account provisioning, onboarding tasks, welcome communications, and manager notifications.
For example, a new hire added to BambooHR could trigger account creation in Microsoft Entra ID, an equipment request in an IT service management platform, and a welcome email containing the employee's onboarding instructions.
HR remains involved when information is missing, approvals are required, or exceptions need human judgment. Routine coordination can continue automatically.
Platforms such as Workativ's AI-powered employee onboarding automation support these cross-system processes, helping HR teams deliver a more consistent new-hire experience without manually tracking every activity.
Leave management is another practical example of HR digital transformation. Employees may need to check their available leave, submit requests, contact managers for approval, and follow up with HR when the request status is unclear.
An integrated AI agent can simplify the experience.
Consider an employee requesting three days of annual leave through Microsoft Teams. The agent retrieves their available balance from the HRIS, validates the request against applicable policies, and routes it to their manager.
Once approved, the connected HR system is updated and the employee receives confirmation. Requests involving policy exceptions can be directed to HR for review.
This reduces manual follow-ups, improves request visibility, and helps ensure that approvals follow established company policies.
It also demonstrates the difference between digitizing a leave form and transforming the entire request process. For more examples of how AI coordinates leave requests and employee operations, see real-world applications of agentic AI in HR.
Not every employee request can be answered immediately. Some require document verification, confidential data access, policy exceptions, or coordination between HR and other departments.
Traditional HR service workflows often involve employees sending emails, waiting for updates, and following up with multiple teams.
With AI-powered HR service management, employees can describe their issue conversationally. The AI agent can collect relevant details, identify the request category, create a ticket in the connected service management system, and route it to the appropriate team.
For example, an employee reporting an incorrect payroll deduction could submit the issue through an HR AI agent. The agent creates a service request, includes the necessary context, and provides a reference number for tracking.
Employees can check progress without repeatedly contacting HR, while service teams maintain visibility into ownership, outstanding actions, and resolution status.
This approach helps mid-market organizations manage growing employee service volumes while preserving human involvement in sensitive or complex decisions.
Learn more about how Workativ AI agents support HR teams through employee support, request handling, and connected HR workflows.
These examples do not require every organization to follow the same implementation sequence. The best starting point depends on the volume of employee requests, the systems already in place, and the operational challenges creating the greatest impact.
For some companies, improving employee support may deliver the most immediate value. Others may benefit more from automating onboarding, leave approvals, or HR service requests.
The objective is to start with a process that matters, demonstrate measurable improvements, and gradually extend automation across the employee lifecycle.
Choosing the right technology is one of the most important decisions in an HR digital transformation strategy. For mid-market companies, the goal should not be to introduce more software, but to make existing HR systems work together while improving employee support and operational efficiency.
Before investing in an HR automation platform, evaluate how well it connects with your current systems, executes workflows, protects employee information, and supports future business needs.
Most growing organizations already use HRIS platforms such as Workday, ADP, UKG, Oracle HCM, or BambooHR. Replacing these systems is not always necessary to modernize HR operations.
Instead, look for technology that integrates with your existing applications and securely exchanges information between them.
For example, an employee requesting leave should be able to retrieve their current balance, submit the request, and receive confirmation without HR manually updating multiple systems.
When comparing solutions, don't just count available integrations. Check whether they support real-time data retrieval, authorized updates, and actions across multiple applications.
You can explore Workativ's supported business application integrations to understand how HR and workplace systems can be connected.
Traditional HR chatbots primarily provide answers to employee questions. Modern AI agents can go further by retrieving relevant information, understanding employee requests, and taking approved actions in connected systems.
For example, an AI agent may answer a benefits question using company documents, retrieve leave information from an HRIS, or initiate a service request that requires approval.
However, not every platform offers the same capabilities. Some tools specialize in knowledge retrieval, while others support transactional workflows and multi-system automation.
When evaluating AI Agent Studio capabilities, consider whether HR teams can configure knowledge sources, connect applications, test responses, and manage employee-facing workflows without extensive development effort.
The right solution should balance accurate responses, workflow execution, and human intervention for requests that require judgment.
Many HR processes extend beyond a single application. Employee onboarding, offboarding, leave approvals, and employee data updates often involve HR, IT, managers, and external systems.
A suitable HR automation solution should coordinate these activities without requiring employees or HR teams to manage every step manually.
For instance, an onboarding process may begin with a new employee record and continue through account provisioning, equipment requests, notifications, and task completion.
Look for capabilities such as workflow triggers, approval routing, exception handling, notifications, and execution tracking.
Human oversight remains important. Sensitive actions, policy exceptions, and requests requiring managerial decisions should follow clearly defined approval processes rather than being executed automatically.
HR systems contain sensitive information, including employee identities, payroll records, benefits information, and personal details. Connecting these systems to AI-powered automation introduces additional security and governance considerations.
Evaluate whether a platform supports role-based access controls, secure authentication, encryption, audit logs, data retention policies, and protection against unauthorized information access.
For AI agents, additional safeguards such as personally identifiable information (PII) masking, prompt-injection protection, and restrictions on sensitive actions are particularly important.
Review the vendor's security documentation and validate how permissions are enforced when employees request confidential information or initiate workflows.
Workativ's AI guardrails and security controls provide an example of the protections organizations should examine when evaluating AI-powered employee support platforms.
A technology investment should support more than the first automation use case.
A mid-market company may begin by automating HR questions but eventually want to coordinate onboarding, approvals, employee lifecycle activities, and cross-departmental workflows.
Evaluate how easily the platform supports additional integrations, new automation requirements, employee channels, and evolving governance policies.
Also consider the total cost of ownership, including licensing, implementation, maintenance, integration changes, and ongoing support.
For organizations comparing vendors, this HR AI agent buyer's guide provides practical evaluation questions covering integration depth, security, and real-world workflow execution.
The best technology for HR digital transformation is not necessarily the platform with the longest feature list. It is the one that solves your current operational challenges, works with your existing environment, and can scale as your HR needs evolve.
Technology | Primary purpose | Best suited for |
|---|---|---|
HRIS / HCM platforms | Manage employee records, payroll-related data, and core HR processes. | Maintaining a reliable system of record. |
HR service delivery platforms | Organize employee requests, cases, and HR services. | Managing structured HR support and casework. |
Traditional HR chatbots | Answer common employee questions and guide users to information. | Basic policy and FAQ assistance. |
AI agents for HR | Retrieve information, interpret requests, and perform authorized actions. | Conversational support and employee self-service. |
HR workflow automation platforms | Coordinate repeatable activities across applications, approvals, and teams. | Multi-system processes and employee lifecycle automation. |
These technologies are not necessarily alternatives to one another. For many mid-market organizations, the strongest approach is to retain the existing HRIS and add AI-powered support and workflow automation where operational gaps exist.
Successful HR digital transformation isn't about deploying more tools. It's about reducing administrative work, improving employee experiences, and making HR operations more efficient.
For mid-market companies, measuring results starts with establishing baseline performance and tracking a few meaningful HR digital transformation KPIs.
KPI | What to measure |
|---|---|
Automated resolution rate | Percentage of eligible HR requests resolved without human intervention. |
Employee adoption | Percentage of employees actively using digital HR services. |
Resolution time | Average time taken to resolve employee requests. |
Workflow completion rate | Percentage of automated HR processes completed successfully. |
HR hours saved | Reduction in time spent on repetitive administrative tasks. |
Employee satisfaction | Employee feedback on service quality and ease of use. |
A higher automation rate is valuable only when employees receive accurate answers and requests are completed successfully. Compare performance before and after implementation to identify real improvements.
For example, automating 400 employee requests per month, with five minutes of manual handling saved per request, could free up approximately 33 HR hours monthly, assuming those savings are realized.
HR leaders can use these findings to evaluate HR automation ROI, justify technology investments, and identify opportunities for further improvement.
The goal: Start with measurable outcomes, improve what isn't working, and expand automation where it delivers the greatest value.
Even with a clear roadmap, HR digital transformation can fall short when organizations focus on deploying technology rather than improving HR operations. For mid-market companies, avoiding these common mistakes helps reduce implementation risks and improve long-term results.
1. Investing in Technology Before Fixing HR Processes
Introducing new software won't solve unclear approvals, outdated policies, or inefficient workflows. Review existing processes, identify bottlenecks, and simplify operations before introducing automation.
2. Overlooking HR System Integration
Disconnected HRIS, payroll, and employee support platforms can create duplicate work and inconsistent information. Choose technology that connects existing applications and supports complete workflows rather than isolated tasks.
For example, HR request automation can connect employee inquiries with backend systems, reducing manual handoffs and repeated follow-ups.
3. Ignoring Employee Adoption
Even effective HR technology delivers limited value if employees continue relying on emails and manual requests. Introduce new services gradually, provide clear guidance, and make support accessible through familiar workplace channels.
4. Failing to Establish Clear Ownership
Without defined responsibilities, automated requests can remain unresolved when exceptions occur. Assign process owners, establish escalation paths, and ensure HR and IT teams understand when human intervention is required.
5. Underestimating Security and Governance
HR automation involves sensitive employee information and decisions. Access controls, approval checkpoints, audit trails, and human oversight are essential for protecting employee data and maintaining accountability.
Organizations should also understand how AI security and governance are managed before deploying automated HR services.
Avoiding these mistakes helps mid-market HR teams build reliable automation that employees trust. The goal is to improve existing processes, connect the right systems, and expand automation without introducing unnecessary complexity.
For mid-market companies, HR digital transformation should not require replacing existing HR systems or managing multiple disconnected automation tools.
Workativ's AI agents for HR help organizations modernize employee support, connect HR applications, and automate processes across the employee lifecycle. Rather than introducing another standalone HR portal, Workativ works alongside existing systems to help employees get answers and complete tasks through familiar channels such as Microsoft Teams and Slack.
Workativ supports a phased HR digital transformation roadmap by connecting technology, employee services, and workflow execution.
Transformation stage | How Workativ helps |
|---|---|
Assess | Identify repetitive employee requests and HR support processes suitable for automation. |
Prioritize | Start with high-volume requests involving benefits, leave, payroll, and HR policies. |
Integrate | Connect HRIS, ITSM, knowledge, and communication platforms without replacing existing systems. |
Implement | Deploy AI agents that answer employee questions, execute approved actions, and coordinate workflows. |
Optimize | Track employee requests, automated resolutions, and workflow performance to guide improvements. |
Workativ combines conversational employee support with workflow execution. Employees can retrieve information, check leave balances, submit requests, and receive updates without manually navigating multiple HR applications.
For more complex processes, Workativ's autonomous HR workflows can coordinate activities across HR, IT, identity management, and employee communication systems, with approvals and exception handling where required.
This gives mid-market HR teams a practical way to begin with employee support and gradually extend automation into onboarding, offboarding, approvals, and other employee lifecycle activities.
Ready to turn your HR digital transformation roadmap into action? Explore Workativ to see how AI agents and connected workflows can support your existing HR technology environment.
HR digital transformation doesn't require replacing every system or automating every process at once. For mid-market companies, success begins with a clear roadmap, the right technology investments, and a focus on improving everyday HR operations.
By assessing existing processes, prioritizing high-impact workflows, connecting HR systems, and measuring results, organizations can gradually build more efficient and scalable HR services. Starting with employee support, onboarding, or leave management provides a practical foundation for broader transformation.
Workativ helps mid-market HR teams turn this roadmap into action with AI agents that answer employee questions, execute workflows, and connect existing HR and workplace systems without unnecessary disruption.
Ready to modernize your HR operations? Book a personalized Workativ demo to explore which HR processes you can automate first and how Workativ can support your digital transformation goals.
An HR digital transformation roadmap typically includes five stages: assessing existing HR processes, prioritizing automation opportunities, integrating HR systems, implementing solutions gradually, and measuring results. This phased approach helps mid-market companies modernize HR operations, improve employee experiences, and expand automation based on measurable outcomes.
Mid-market companies should begin by identifying repetitive HR tasks, disconnected systems, and common employee support challenges. Rather than replacing existing technology, start with one or two high-impact processes, such as policy inquiries or employee requests. Measure the results before expanding automation into more complex HR workflows.
HR digital transformation is an ongoing process, but companies can often plan and launch a focused automation pilot within 30–90 days, depending on integration complexity, data readiness, and available resources. Broader transformation involving multiple systems, employee lifecycle workflows, and organization-wide adoption typically requires additional implementation phases.
HR digital transformation costs depend on employee headcount, existing technology, integration requirements, licensing, and implementation complexity. Companies can manage initial investments by automating high-volume processes and reusing existing HR systems. Evaluate total ownership costs alongside expected time savings, employee adoption, and operational improvements.
Yes. Many organizations can modernize HR operations by integrating existing HRIS platforms with AI agents, employee communication tools, and workflow automation solutions. This allows employees to access information, submit requests, and complete approved tasks without replacing their core HR systems.
AI agents help HR teams answer employee questions, retrieve information from approved knowledge sources, and execute authorized workflows across connected applications. Unlike basic FAQ chatbots, AI agents with appropriate integrations can support leave requests, onboarding activities, service ticket creation, and employee lifecycle processes while escalating sensitive decisions to human teams.
Start with processes that occur frequently, require significant manual effort, and have clearly defined rules. Employee policy questions, leave requests, onboarding coordination, and HR service requests are common starting points. Prioritize workflows based on employee impact, implementation complexity, and measurable potential benefits.
Organizations can measure HR digital transformation ROI by comparing operational improvements and financial benefits against technology and implementation costs. Important indicators include administrative hours saved, request resolution time, automated resolution rate, workflow completion, and employee adoption. Establishing baseline performance before automation helps demonstrate measurable business value.

Senior content writer
Deepa Majumder is a writer who nails the art of crafting bespoke thought leadership articles to help business leaders tap into rich insights in their journey of organization-wide digital transformation. Over the years, she has dedicatedly engaged herself in the process of continuous learning and development across business continuity management and organizational resilience.
Her pieces intricately highlight the best ways to transform employee and customer experience. When not writing, she spends time on leisure activities.